Arduino Mega 2560
Release status: Concept
Description | Arduino Mega 2560
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Introductie
Overview
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.
The Mega 2560 is an update to the Arduino Mega, which it replaces.
Summary
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Voeding
De Arduino Mega kan worden gevoed via de USB-aansluiting of met een externe voeding. De stroombron wordt automatisch geselecteerd.
Externe (niet USB) voeding kan afkomstig zijn van een AC-> DC-adapter of van een batterij. De adapter kan worden aangesloten door een 2,1 mm centrale positieve stekker in de voedingsaansluiting van het bord te steken. Kabels van een batterij kunnen in de Gnd- en Vin-pin van de POWER connector worden gestoken.
Het print kan werken op een externe voeding van 6 tot 20 volt. Als er echter minder dan 7 V wordt geleverd, kan de 5 V-pin minder dan vijf volt leveren en kan het bord instabiel zijn. Als er meer dan 12 V wordt gebruikt, kan de spanningsregelaar oververhit raken en de kaart beschadigen. Het aanbevolen bereik is 7 tot 12 volt.
De Mega2560 verschilt van alle voorgaande borden doordat hij geen gebruik maakt van de FTDI USB-naar-serieel driverchip. In plaats daarvan is de ATmega16U2 (ATmega8U2 op de revisie 1- en revisie 2-kaarten) geprogrammeerd als een USB naar serieel converter.
Revisie 2 van het Mega2560-bord heeft een weerstand die de 8U2 HWB-lijn naar aarde trekt, waardoor het gemakkelijker wordt om in de DFU-modus te zetten.
Revisie 3 van het bord heeft de volgende nieuwe functies:
- 1.0 pinout: SDA- en SCL- functie toegevoegd die zich dichtbij de AREF-pin bevinden en twee andere nieuwe pinnen die dichtbij de RESET-pin zijn geplaatst, de IOREF, waardoor de opzet modules zich kunnen aanpassen aan de door het controllergeleverde spanning. In de toekomst zullen uitbreidingen compatibel zijn met zowel de controller dat de AVR gebruikt, die werkt met 5V, of met de Arduino Due die werkt met 3,3V. De tweede is een niet-verbonden pin, die gereserveerd is voor toekomstige doeleinden.
- Sterker RESET-circuit.
- Atmega 16U2 vervangt de 8U2.
De stroompinnen zijn als volgt:
*VIN. De ingangsspanning naar het Arduino-bord wanneer het een externe stroombron gebruikt (in tegenstelling tot 5 volt van de USB-aansluiting of een andere gereguleerde stroombron). U kunt via deze pin spanning leveren, of, als u spanning via de voedingsaansluiting levert, via deze pin toegang verkrijgen.
*5V. De gereguleerde voeding die wordt gebruikt om de microcontroller en andere componenten op het bord van stroom te voorzien. Dit kan afkomstig zijn van VIN via een ingebouwde regelaar, of worden geleverd via USB of een andere gereguleerde 5V-voeding.
*3V3. Een voeding van 3,3 volt gegenereerd door de ingebouwde regelaar. Het maximale stroomverbruik is 50 mA.
*GND. Aar0 volt.
Memory
The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
- Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega16U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
- External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
- PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
- SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically compatible with the Uno, Duemilanove and Diecimila.
- LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
- TWI: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support TWI communication using the Wire library. Note that these pins are not in the same location as the TWI pins on the Duemilanove or Diecimila.
The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
- AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
- Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block
Communication
Bestand:ArduinoMega2560 r2 front.jpg
The Arduino Mega2560 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An ATmega16U2 (ATmega 8U2 on the revision 1 and revision 2 boards) on the board channels one of these over USB and provides a virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file, but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the ATmega8U2/ATmega16U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Mega2560's digital pins.
The ATmega2560 also supports TWI and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the TWI bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Programming
The Arduino Mega can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega2560 on the Arduino Mega comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
- On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
- On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.
Automatic (Software) Reset
Bestand:ArduinoMega2650Back.jpg
Rather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Mega2560 is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega2560 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Mega2560 is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Mega2560. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Mega2560 contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.
USB Overcurrent Protection
The Arduino Mega2560 has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility
The maximum length and width of the Mega2560 PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
The Mega2560 is designed to be compatible with most shields designed for the Uno, Diecimila or Duemilanove. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0 to 5, the power header, and ICSP header are all in equivalent locations. Further the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins (0 and 1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is available through the ICSP header on both the Mega2560 and Duemilanove / Diecimila. Please note that I2C is not located on the same pins on the Mega (20 and 21) as the Duemilanove / Diecimila (analog inputs 4 and 5).
Schematic, Reference Design & Pin Mapping
EAGLE files: arduino-mega2560-reference-design.zip
Schematic: arduino-mega2560-schematic.pdf
Pin Mapping: PinMap2560 page